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2nd day in laboratory
Daily Report – Day 2 at Dr. B Lal Laboratory
Date: February 11, 2025
Day: Tuesday
Introduction
My second day at Dr. B Lal Laboratory was filled with learning experiences and interactions with senior professionals and classmates. Today, I had the opportunity to observe laboratory tests, understand essential instruments, and learn about incubation techniques.
Morning Session
Meeting with Mentors and Classmates
- Dr. Ola Sir: I met Dr. Ola Sir again, and he guided me regarding the structured workflow of the lab.
- Dr. Sandeep Sir: He emphasized the importance of making a daily report based on my observations and study material. He advised that keeping structured notes would help in understanding laboratory procedures more effectively.
- Vishal (Friend): We worked together and shared our understanding of different tests.
- Tanisha & Manvi (Classmates): It was great to see familiar faces, and we discussed our initial experiences in the lab.
Key Learnings & Observations
1. Respiratory Viral Panel & Disease Testing
- Observed testing for H1N1 (Swine Flu), Pneumonia Respiratory Panel, and other respiratory viral infections.
- Understood how molecular testing helps detect viral RNA and DNA in patient samples.
- Learned that these tests play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating respiratory infections efficiently.
2. Allergy Testing – Observation with Vishal
- Watched the multiple allergy tests performed to identify allergens that trigger reactions in patients.
- Understood the process of skin prick tests and blood allergy panels.
- Discussed with Vishal how different IgE levels indicate allergic responses.
3. Understanding Laboratory Equipment
Graduated Pipette & Its Uses
- Observed the correct technique for using a graduated pipette, which is essential for measuring and transferring precise liquid volumes.
- Learned that proper handling is crucial to maintain the accuracy of diagnostic tests.
Incubation Process
- Understood how incubation is used to grow microbial cultures.
- Learned about different incubation temperatures and durations for bacterial and viral cultures.
- Observed how agar plates are placed inside the incubator to allow microbial growth for further analysis.
End of the Day Reflection
Today’s experience reinforced the importance of precision, observation, and documentation in laboratory work. The guidance from senior doctors, the support from classmates, and hands-on experience with equipment helped me grasp key concepts more effectively.
I look forward to deepening my knowledge and improving my skills in diagnostic testing in the coming days.
Key Takeaways for Tomorrow
- Study and understand more about microbial culture techniques.
- Observe and learn about automated diagnostic machines.
- Start working on a structured daily learning journal as advised by Dr. Sandeep Sir.
This journey is just beginning, and each day brings valuable learning opportunities.

First Day in laboratory
A New Beginning at Dr. B Lal Laboratory
Today marked a significant step in my journey as I officially joined Dr. B Lal Laboratory on February 10, 2025. Excitement and nervousness blended together as I entered the building, ready to embark on a new learning experience.
My first interaction was with Ola Sir, who greeted me warmly and guided me through the initial process. After a brief introduction, he directed me to Charul Ma’am, who would oversee my onboarding. I made my way to the 2nd floor, where she welcomed me with a professional yet friendly demeanor.
She handed me the joining form, a crucial step in making my association official. As I filled it out, I reflected on how this opportunity aligned with my medical laboratory studies and future goals.
Once the paperwork was complete, I received a report booklet—a treasure trove of knowledge about laboratory procedures and diseases. This booklet symbolized the vast learning that awaited me, a bridge between theoretical knowledge and real-world application.
As I left the office, booklet in hand, I felt a sense of accomplishment and eagerness. Today was just the beginning, and I was ready to embrace the challenges and growth that lay ahead in this new phase of my career.
Story of Life
First Day in laboratory


Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
Introduction
Packed Cell Volume (PCV), also known as hematocrit, is a vital parameter in hematology. It refers to the proportion of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood, expressed as a percentage of the total blood volume. PCV is a simple, yet crucial test for evaluating the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and diagnosing various hematological conditions.
This lecture will cover the definition, clinical significance, methods of determination, procedures, normal values, and interpretation of PCV.
I. Definition of Packed Cell Volume (PCV)
- PCV is the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells after centrifugation.
- It is a measure of the relative proportion of cellular components to plasma in blood.
II. Clinical Significance of PCV
- Assessment of Anemia:
- Decreased PCV indicates anemia, reflecting reduced RBC levels.
- Polycythemia Diagnosis:
- Elevated PCV is a hallmark of polycythemia, indicating increased RBC concentration.
- Dehydration:
- Higher PCV can result from reduced plasma volume in dehydration.
- Blood Loss:
- PCV helps assess the severity of acute or chronic blood loss.
- Hydration Status:
- Changes in PCV can indicate overhydration or dehydration.
- Monitoring Therapy:
- PCV is used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments like blood transfusion or fluid therapy.
III. Methods for Determining PCV
1. Microhematocrit Method
- Most commonly used method due to its simplicity and speed.
2. Wintrobe Method
- A more traditional method using a Wintrobe tube.
3. Automated Hematology Analyzers
- Provide highly accurate and precise PCV measurements as part of a complete blood count (CBC).
IV. Microhematocrit Method in Detail
1. Principle
- Blood is centrifuged in a capillary tube, causing its components to separate into three distinct layers:
- RBCs: Settle at the bottom due to their higher density.
- Buffy Coat: Thin middle layer containing WBCs and platelets.
- Plasma: Topmost layer.
2. Equipment and Materials
- Microhematocrit centrifuge.
- Capillary tubes (heparinized for capillary blood; plain for venous blood).
- Sealant (e.g., clay or plastic caps).
- Microhematocrit reader or scale.
3. Procedure
- Collect blood:
- Capillary blood using a finger prick.
- Venous blood with EDTA as an anticoagulant.
- Fill the capillary tube to about 75% of its length.
- Seal one end of the tube with sealant.
- Place the tube in a microhematocrit centrifuge, ensuring it is balanced.
- Centrifuge at 10,000–12,000 rpm for 3–5 minutes.
- Measure the PCV using a hematocrit reader:
- Align the top of the plasma layer with the scale.
- Record the height of the RBC layer as a percentage of the total blood volume.
4. Advantages
- Quick and cost-effective.
- Requires minimal equipment.
5. Limitations
- May not distinguish between true RBC volume and trapped plasma.
- Not suitable for highly automated settings.
V. Wintrobe Method in Detail
1. Principle
- Blood is filled into a Wintrobe tube and centrifuged at a lower speed compared to the microhematocrit method.
2. Procedure
- Fill the Wintrobe tube with anticoagulated blood.
- Centrifuge at 2,300 rpm for 30 minutes.
- Read the height of the RBC column directly from the calibrated tube.
3. Advantages
- Can estimate trapped plasma volume.
- Provides detailed information on buffy coat size.
4. Limitations
- Time-consuming and less commonly used.
VI. Interpretation of PCV Results
1. Normal Values
- Men: 42–52%
- Women: 37–47%
- Children: 35–45%
- Newborns: 50–62%
2. Increased PCV
- Causes:
- Polycythemia vera.
- Dehydration.
- Chronic hypoxia (e.g., in COPD, high altitude).
- Implications:
- Increased blood viscosity.
- Higher risk of thrombosis.
3. Decreased PCV
- Causes:
- Anemia (nutritional, hemolytic, or aplastic).
- Chronic disease.
- Acute or chronic blood loss.
- Overhydration or pregnancy.
- Implications:
- Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
- Fatigue and shortness of breath.
VII. Sources of Error in PCV Measurement
- Inadequate mixing of blood.
- Improper sealing of capillary tubes.
- Incorrect centrifugation time or speed.
- Overanticoagulation leading to RBC shrinkage.
- Misreading due to poorly calibrated hematocrit readers.
VIII. Comparison of Methods
Method | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Microhematocrit | Quick, cost-effective | Plasma trapping potential. |
Wintrobe | Measures buffy coat size | Time-consuming. |
Automated Analyzers | Highly accurate and reliable | Expensive equipment. |
IX. Clinical Applications
- Routine Health Checkups:
- PCV is a standard parameter in complete blood count (CBC) tests.
- Diagnosis and Monitoring:
- Anemia, polycythemia, and hydration status.
- Therapeutic Monitoring:
- Evaluating response to treatments like transfusion or rehydration therapy.
- Emergency Settings:
- Quick assessment of blood loss or dehydration.
X. Conclusion
Packed Cell Volume is a fundamental test in hematology that provides essential information about a patient’s red cell mass and overall blood composition. While simple, it plays a crucial role in diagnosing and managing a variety of hematological and systemic conditions.
Would you like additional details on clinical correlations or practical demonstrations?


Best Career Options After 12th Science
Introduction
Completing the 12th grade in the science stream opens a plethora of opportunities for students. The science stream is broadly categorized into Medical (PCB), Non-Medical (PCM), and Pure Science (PCMB). These combinations enable students to pursue careers in diverse fields like engineering, medicine, research, and emerging technologies. In this lecture, we will explore the various courses and career options available after 12th grade in the science stream.
Key Streams and Their Career Options
1. Engineering Stream (PCM or PCMB)
Engineering is one of the most sought-after fields for students with a physics, chemistry, and mathematics background.
Popular Engineering Courses:
- B.Tech/BE (Bachelor of Technology/Bachelor of Engineering)
- Civil Engineering
- Mechanical Engineering
- Electrical Engineering
- Computer Science Engineering
- Aerospace Engineering
- Biotechnology
- Electronics and Communication Engineering
- Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
- Robotics and Automation
- Environmental Engineering
- Integrated Engineering Programs:
- Dual degree programs like B.Tech + M.Tech (5 years).
Entrance Exams:
- JEE Main & JEE Advanced (for IITs, NITs, IIITs).
- State-level exams (e.g., MHT-CET, WBJEE).
- Private college exams (e.g., VITEEE, SRMJEEE).
Career Opportunities:
- Engineers can work in industries like IT, manufacturing, construction, and R&D.
2. Medical Stream (PCB or PCMB)
Students interested in healthcare and life sciences can opt for medical or allied health courses.
Medical Courses:
- MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery)
- BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery)
- BAMS (Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery)
- BHMS (Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery)
- BUMS (Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery)
- BVSc (Bachelor of Veterinary Science)
Allied Healthcare Courses:
- BPT (Bachelor of Physiotherapy)
- B.Sc Nursing
- BMLT (Bachelor in Medical Lab Technology)
- B.Optom (Bachelor of Optometry)
- Pharmacy:
- B.Pharm (Bachelor of Pharmacy)
- D.Pharm (Diploma in Pharmacy)
Entrance Exams:
- NEET-UG (for MBBS, BDS, and AYUSH courses).
- State-level and private exams for allied healthcare programs.
Career Opportunities:
- Doctors, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, nurses, and physiotherapists in hospitals, clinics, or private practice.
3. Pure Science Stream (PCM, PCB, or PCMB)
Students interested in research or teaching in science can pursue courses in pure sciences.
Courses:
- B.Sc (Bachelor of Science) in:
- Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology
- Biotechnology
- Microbiology
- Genetics
- Environmental Science
- Data Science
- Forensic Science
- Food Technology
- Integrated B.Sc + M.Sc programs.
Entrance Exams:
- IISER Aptitude Test (IAT).
- Joint Entrance Screening Test (JEST).
- JAM (for integrated M.Sc programs).
Career Opportunities:
- Scientists, researchers, professors, or lab technicians in organizations like ISRO, DRDO, CSIR, and academic institutions.
4. Emerging Technologies and Interdisciplinary Fields
With advancements in technology, students can pursue specialized courses in emerging fields.
Popular Courses:
- B.Tech in Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning
- B.Tech in Cybersecurity
- B.Sc in Animation and Multimedia
- B.Sc in Game Design
- B.Sc in Data Science
- B.Sc in Environmental Studies
- B.Tech in Biomedical Engineering
- B.Des (Bachelor of Design) in Fashion, Product, or Graphic Design
Career Opportunities:
- Data scientists, AI specialists, designers, or professionals in the gaming and animation industries.
5. Commerce-Science Hybrid Courses
Students with an interest in both science and commerce can explore these options:
- BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration) with specializations in healthcare or IT.
- B.Com with data analytics or actuarial science.
- Integrated MBA programs.
Entrance Exams:
- NPAT, SET, or DUJAT.
Career Opportunities:
- Business analysts, financial planners, or managers in science-driven industries.
6. Diploma and Certificate Courses
Short-term diploma and certificate programs are also available for students looking to enter the workforce quickly.
Popular Programs:
- Diploma in Medical Lab Technology.
- Diploma in Radiology.
- Certificate in Web Designing or Ethical Hacking.
- Diploma in Industrial Safety.
- Certificate in Biotechnology or Environmental Studies.
Other Non-Conventional Career Paths
Defense Services:
- National Defence Academy (NDA) exams for Army, Navy, and Air Force.
- Technical entry schemes for engineering graduates.
Merchant Navy:
- Courses like B.Sc in Nautical Science or Marine Engineering.
- Requires entrance exams like IMU-CET.
Aviation:
- Courses like B.Sc in Aviation or Pilot Training.
- Institutions like IGRUA (Indira Gandhi Institute of Aeronautics).
Architecture:
- B.Arch (Bachelor of Architecture) for students interested in design and construction.
- Entrance exams: NATA, JEE Paper 2.
Law:
- B.Sc LLB or B.Tech LLB for students interested in combining law and science.
- Entrance exam: CLAT.
Hotel Management:
- Courses like BHM (Bachelor of Hotel Management) for hospitality careers.
Mass Communication:
- Science students can pursue media courses like BJMC (Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication).
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Course
- Interest and Passion: Select a course based on your strengths and passion.
- Aptitude: Consider career aptitude tests to align your skills with potential fields.
- Career Prospects: Evaluate the future scope of the course and job opportunities.
- Financial Feasibility: Consider the cost of education and availability of scholarships.
- Entrance Exams: Be prepared for competitive entrance exams if required.
Conclusion
The science stream offers a broad spectrum of career opportunities across various fields. Choosing the right path after the 12th grade depends on your interests, strengths, and long-term goals. Whether you aim to become an engineer, doctor, scientist, or pursue interdisciplinary careers, there are ample options to explore. Start early, research thoroughly, and make informed decisions for a successful future.
Would you like detailed guidance on a specific career path or entrance exam preparation?